At the kingdom of Srivijaya appeared and flourished, China opened diplomatic relations with the kingdom in order to secure trade and seafaring. Over the first 53 years of Indonesian independence, the country's first two presidents, Sukarno and Suharto constantly nurtured the sense of national unity embodied by Indonesian, and the language remains an essential component of Indonesian identity. In materials for learners, the mid-front vowel /e/ is sometimes represented with a diacritic as é to distinguish it from the mid-central vowel /ə/. Likewise /x/ may be replaced with [h] or [k] by some speakers. [7], The term "Indonesian" is primarily associated with the national standard dialect (bahasa baku). In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat). This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese) with Indonesian. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the administrative language of their trading outpost in the east. Indonesian does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. Means "Betawi" in Arabic, referring to an ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta in Indonesia. [46] As mentioned previously, the language was based on Riau Malay,[10][48] though linguists note that this is not the local dialect of Riau, but the Malaccan dialect that was used in the Riau court. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include meja (from mesa = table), bangku (from banco = bench), lemari/almari (from armário = closet), boneka (from boneca = doll), jendela (from janela = window), Gereja (from Igreja = Church), Misa (from Missa = Mass), Natal (from Natal = Christmas), Paskah (from Páscoa = Easter), pesta (from festa = party), dansa (from dança = dance), pesiar (from passear = cruise), bendera (from bandeira = flag), sepatu (from sapato = shoes), garpu (from garfo = fork), kemeja (from camisa = shirt), kereta (from carreta = chariot), pompa (from bomba hidráulica = pump), pigura (from figura = picture), roda (from roda = wheel), nona (from dona = young woman), sekolah (from escola = school), lentera (from lanterna = lantern), paderi (from padre = priest), Santo, Santa (from Santo, Santa = Saint), puisi (from poesia = poetry), keju (from queijo = cheese), mentega (from manteiga = butter), serdadu (from soldado = soldier), meski (from mas que = although), kamar (from câmara = room), laguna (from laguna = lagoon), lelang (from leilão = auction), persero (from parceiro = company), markisa (from maracujá = passion fruit), limau (from limão = lemon), kartu (from cartão = card), Inggris (from inglês = English), Sabtu (from sábado = Saturday), Minggu (from domingo = Sunday), etc. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official status under the name Bahasa Indonesia in 1945. The Minahasa clan refers to the name of the family or clan used behind the first … Indonesian follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet. Examples of these are the prefixes di- (patient focus, traditionally called In Indonesian, there are: Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives: In addition to these affixes, Indonesian also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. It has a degree of mutual intelligibility with the Malaysian standard of Malay, which is officially known there as Bahasa Malaysia, despite the numerous lexical differences. Bahasa Indonesia: The Indonesian Language. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to receive more just like it. The all-purpose determiner, "yang", is also often used before adjectives, hence "anjing yang galak" also means "ferocious dog" or more literally "dog which is ferocious"; "yang" will often be used for clarity. In 1945, Indonesian was already in widespread use;[26] in fact, it had been for roughly a thousand years. Especially since the late 12th century, Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as Syair, Babad, Hikayat, and Suluk. [53] They are: Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so ⟨ai⟩ represents /aj/, ⟨au⟩ represents /aw/, and ⟨oi⟩ represents /oj/. [5][6] However, most formal education and nearly all national mass media, governance, administration, and judiciary and other forms of communication are conducted in Indonesian. Another Austronesian language, of which there are many in Indonesia, Javanese is spoken by those who would consider themselves ethnically Javanese, or from the eastern and central parts of Java, one of Indonesia’s many islands. A regional language of Indonesia, Sundanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken by around 39 million people. Anda is used with strangers, recent acquaintances, in advertisements, in business, and when you wish to show respect (though terms like tuan "sir" and other titles also show respect), while kamu is used in situations where the speaker would use aku for "I". Malay language has more than 20 million users in other countries like Indonesia and the Philippines. Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many synonyms. Alpha Omega Translations provides multilingual translation, interpretation, transcription, localization, editing, glossary development, desktop publishing and design, and writing for private and government entities. [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.[56][57]. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. For example, tidak (no) is often replaced with the Betawi form nggak or the even simpler gak, while seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak [kajaʔ]. [29] A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. A regional language of Indonesia, Sundanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken by around 39 million people. Official name Republik Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia) Form of government multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Regional Representative Council 1 [132]; House of Representatives [560]) Head of state and government President: Joko Widodo Capital Jakarta Official language Indonesian Official religion monotheism Monetary unit rupiah (Rp) Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian, although ⟨c⟩ is always /tʃ/ (like English ⟨ch⟩), ⟨g⟩ is always /ɡ/ ("hard") and ⟨j⟩ represents /dʒ/ as it does in English. ANINDYA m & f Bengali, Indonesian Means "immaculate, faultless, blameless", from Sanskrit अ (a) meaning "not" and निन्दा (ninda) meaning "blame, reproach". Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudah "already" and belum "not yet". Daku "I" and dikau "you" are poetic or romantic. For example: Mas ("older brother"), Mbak ("older sister"), Koko ("older brother") and Cici ("older sister"). Moreover, it was the language of the sultanate of Brunei and of future Malaysia, on which some Indonesian nationalists had claims. Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as: The consonants of Indonesian are shown above. As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. Adjectives are always placed after the noun that they modify. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of the upper-class or nobility and also in formal situations, despite the 2010 census showing only 19.94% of over-five-year-olds speak mainly Indonesian at home. The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, along with the original declaration in English. The nationalist movement that ultimately brought Indonesian to its national language status rejected Dutch from the outset. There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. [20], The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts. [45] Also, in Chapter III, Section 25 to 45, Government regulation No. Similarly, verb affixes in Indonesian are attached to root words to form verbs. As a result, Indonesian has more extensive sources of loanwords, compared to Malaysian Malay. It is believed that the Indonesian language was one of the means to achieve independence, but it is opened to receive vocabulary from other foreign languages aside from Malay that it has made contact with since the colonialism era, such as Dutch, English and Arabic among others, as the loan words keep increasing each year.[40]. Sundanese has more in common with Malay and Madurese, another regional language, than with Javanese, for example. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] > sekrup [səˈkrup] (screw (n.)). Here you can deluge yourself with the distinctive list of Indonesia names. This article is about the official language of Indonesia. It is generally the penultimate syllable that is stressed, unless its vowel is a schwa /ə/. [51][55] Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, and thus nearly every Indonesian speaks the langu… Dutch thus remained the language of a small elite: in 1940, only 2% of the total population could speak Dutch. /ʃ/ is sometimes replaced with /s/ and was traditionally used as a substitute for /ʃ/ in older borrowings from Sanskrit and /f/ is rarely replaced though /p/ was substituted for /f/ in older borrowings such as kopi "coffee" from Dutch koffie. There are four types of affixes: prefixes (awalan), suffixes (akhiran), circumfixes (apitan) and infixes (sisipan). There is no difference between singular and plural. Measure words are also found in English such as two head of cattle, a loaf of bread, or this sheet of paper, where *two cattle, a bread, and this paper (in the sense of this piece of paper) would be ungrammatical. It is sometimes said that the Indonesian language is an artificial language, meaning that it was designed by academics rather than evolving naturally as most common languages have,[49] in order to accommodate the political purpose of establishing an official and unifying language of Indonesia. Javanese is a major language in Indonesia which is predominantly used in the island of Java among the Javanese people. For example, "beda" means "different", hence "berbeda" means "to be different"; "awan" means "cloud", hence "berawan" means "cloudy". In a nation that boasts more than 700 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country. Note: This list only lists foreign languages, and thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas. [27], Standard Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts. However, other analyses set up a system with other vowels, particularly the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/.[52]. "active voice", with AVO word order), memper- and diper- (causative, agent and patient focus), ber- (stative or habitual; intransitive VS order), and ter- (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes -kan (causative or benefactive) and -i (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-...-an (plural subject, diffuse action) and ke-...-an (unintentional or potential action or state). As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including Dutch, English, Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, and Persian. This in turn makes the Indonesian term for archbishop uskup agung (literally great bishop), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. In fact, they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education, especially in Dutch, to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals. "Yang dinamakan 'Bahasa Indonesia' yaitu bahasa Melayu yang sungguhpun pokoknya berasal dari 'Melayu Riau' akan tetapi yang sudah ditambah, diubah atau dikurangi menurut keperluan zaman dan alam baru, hingga bahasa itu lalu mudah dipakai oleh rakyat diseluruh Indonesia; pembaharuan bahasa Melayu hingga menjadi bahasa Indonesia itu harus dilakukan oleh kaum ahli yang beralam baru, ialah alam kebangsaan Indonesia" In 2010, Indonesian had 42.8 million native speakers and 154.9 million second-language speakers,[1] who speak it alongside their local mother tongue, giving a total number of speakers in Indonesia of 197.7 million. Top 100 names from around the world + Penpal Statistics @ Students of the World. For an overview on all languages used in Indonesia, see, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India since ancient times. Indonesian names and naming customs reflect the multicultural and polyglot nature of the over 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago.The world's fourth most populous nation, Indonesia is home to approximately 365 ethnic groups, each with their own culture, customs, and language.The state officially recognises more than 300 of these ethnic groups. [20] Despite still being a second language to most Indonesians, it is unquestionably the language of the Indonesian nation as a whole, as it has had unrivalled success as a factor in nation-building and the strengthening of Indonesian identity. It is a standardised variety of Malay,[3] an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Indonesian as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop [ʔ]. In informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature. [70], The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left a sizeable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi (from politie = police), kualitas (from kwaliteit = quality), aktual (from actueel = current), rokok (from roken = smoking cigarettes), korupsi (from corruptie = corruption), kantor (from kantoor = office), resleting (from ritssluiting = zipper), pelopor (from voorloper = frontrunner), persneling (from versnelling = transmission gear), setrum (from stroom = electricity current), maskapai (from maatschappij = company), apotek (from apotheek = pharmacy), handuk (from handdoek = towel), setrika (from strijkijzer = clothes iron), bioskop (from bioscoop = cinema), spanduk (from spandoeken = banner), korsleting (from kortsluiting = short circuit), om (from oom = uncle), tante (from tante = aunt), traktir (from trakteer = treat) and gratis (from gratis = free). Often the "ber-" intransitive verb prefix, or the "ter-" stative prefix is used to express the meaning of "to be...". In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. Dutch dominance at that time covered nearly all aspects, with official forums requiring the use of Dutch, although since the Second Youth Congress (1928) the use of Indonesian as the national language was agreed on as one of the tools in the independence struggle. In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Jakarta, abang (a gender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/males, while kakak (a non-gender specific term meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Please use this up to date list of Indonesian name as a reference to name your kid/child. Indonesian adopts English words with standardisation. pustaka (from Sanskrit), kitab (from Arabic) and buku (from Dutch boek); however, each has a slightly different meaning. Three years later, the Indonesians themselves formally abolished the language and established Bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the new nation. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. This status has made it relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group, and Dutch as the previous coloniser. The Indonesian words for the Bible and Gospel are Alkitab and Injil, both directly derived from Arabic. Indonesian alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. In 1945, Javanese was easily the most prominent language in Indonesia. ", "The Indonesian Language – Bahasa Indonesia", "One Land, One Nation, One Language: An Analysis of Indonesia's National Language Policy", "History of The Indonesian Language Congress I: Inaugurating The United Language (eng)", "Where does Malay come from? Pursuant to Article 36 (3) Law No. No dialect or regional language is too obscure, as everyone deserves to be able to communicate with the rest of the world. [1] It is common as a first language in urban areas, and as a second language by those residing in more rural parts of Indonesia. Compared to the indigenous dialects of Malay spoken in Sumatra and Malay peninsula or the normative Malaysian standard, the Indonesian language differs profoundly by a large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into its already-rich vocabulary. Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from Arab Peninsula like Arabian, Persian, and from the western part of India, Gujarat where many Muslims lived. "Measurements of the rhythm of Malay". The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab. [76], Over the past few years, interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians. For example, Ani membeli satu kilo mangga (Ani buys one kilogram of mangoes). Over 300 different native languages are spoken in Indonesia. Here, we will discuss about new vocabulary, clock in Bahasa Indonesia… It was also the language used for the propagation of Islam in the 13th to 17th centuries, as well as the language of instruction used by Portuguese and Dutch missionaries attempting to convert the indigenous people to Christianity. Indonesian is one of the many varieties of Malay. In 1945, when Indonesia declared its independence, Indonesian was formally declared the national language,[25] despite being the native language of only about 5% of the population. All Indonesia presidents since the country gained independence in 1945 have been all native Javanese speakers. Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar (teach): Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. A kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance. The adoption of Indonesian as the country's national language was in contrast to most other post-colonial states. The official language is Indonesian (locally known as bahasa Indonesia), a standardised form of Malay, which serves as the lingua franca of the archipelago. The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by the Betawi language, a Malay-based creole of Jakarta, amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta's status as the national capital. Javanese is a Sunda-Sulawe… [13] Since its conception in 1928 and its official recognition in the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian language has been loaded with a nationalist political agenda to unify Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies). Therefore, one could write a short story using mostly Sanskrit words. [44], In East Timor, which was occupied by Indonesia between 1975 and 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. [55][58][59], The classification of languages based on rhythm can be problematic. Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu-kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Sanskrit words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as: Bhayangkara, Laksamana, Jatayu, Garuda, Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka, Jalesveva Jayamahe, Kartika Eka Paksi, Swa Bhuwana Paksa, Rastra Sewakottama, Yudha Siaga, etc. When you learn new language, including Bahasa Indonesia, it will be better for you if you have more knowledge on the vocabulary. ; kin terms, including English and German its vowel is a country rich in history culture. What is your name is siapa nama Anda the table below, pacar wanita and babu Latin... Found in the sense that English does heavily influenced by the then current Dutch and.: [ 64 ] the '' a more loose sense, it also serves as whole... 1930S, they maintained a minimalist regime and allowed Malay to spread quickly throughout the Indonesian.! Cover all aspects of religion, art and everyday life major forms of `` I am house. 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