A hot Jupiter's orbit could also have been altered via the Kozai mechanism, causing an exchange of inclination for eccentricity resulting in a high eccentricity low perihelion orbit, in combination with tidal friction. Before the creation of the CMB, the universe was a hot, dense and opaque plasma containing both matter and energy. stars that rotate have much wider lines in their spectra than stars that do not. If a number of the lines come from molecules such as titanium oxide, the star is likely to be which spectral type: 17.16 The astronomer who, at the turn of the century, measured the spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars, leaving a catalog that astronomers used for the rest of the century, was: 17.17 A graduate student has done a careful analysis of the spectrum of a star. 17.12 A team of astronomers takes spectra of thousands of different stars in different parts of the sky. 18.7 What was the first evidence that gravity outside our solar system worked the same way as it does inside? When astronomers first discovered other planets, they were completely unlike anything we’ve ever found in the Solar System. In 2008, a team of astronomers first described how as the exoplanet orbiting HD 189733 A reaches a certain place in its orbit, it causes increased stellar flaring. monitoring a star to detect periodic dips in its brightness from the planet passing in front of the star. [4], Ultra-hot Jupiters are hot Jupiters with a dayside temperature greater than 2200K. mostly in a large spherical halo (or cloud) surrounding the flat disk of the Galaxy. 13.19 The scientist who first proposed that comet nuclei were "dirty snowballs" was: 13.20 The spacecraft that got the closest to the nucleus of Halley's Comet and sent back dramatic photographs of what the nucleus looked like was. all of these are quite easy to measure directly w mass, 18.6 Two stars that are physically associated (move together through space) are called. 24.25 The first time that astronomers observed both gravitational waves and electro-magnetic waves from the same event, what they were observing was: the spiraling toward each other of two neutron stars. 22.10 A science fiction writer needs an environment for her latest story where stars are as crowded together as possible. planetary nebulae expand rapidly and soon become too faint to be visible. 11.16 The planet that orbits "on its side" (i.e. What instrument aboard Magellan was used for these investigations? some of the lines in the spectrum are double, with the spacing changing over time w we can use the spectrum to determine the sum of the masses of the two stars, 18.9 I am measuring the spectrum of the stars in a spectroscopic binary system. The so-called "hot Jupiters" are gas giant planets, similar in characteristics to the solar system's biggest planet, with orbital periods of less than 10 days. These are believed to be members of the, 13.25 The comet that broke into more than 20 pieces and then collided with Jupiter in 1994 was, 13.26 In addition to hundreds of smaller objects that have been discovering in the Kuiper Belt recently, astronomers were surprised to find, objects whose orbits bring them as close to the Sun as Mars w larger bodies with sizes as big as pluto now called dwarf planets. 22.17 When the core of a star reaches a temperature of about 100 million degrees (K), something new happens in the core. If this layer was too cold to do fusion throughout the main sequence stage, why is it suddenly warm enough? 46. D) they are supported by electron degeneracy pressure. The gravitational pull of Jupiter and the other moons is thought to be responsible for maintaining a liquid ocean on Europa, despite the lack of solar heating. One of the best-known hot Jupiters is 51 Pegasi b. 23.15 After the core of a massive star becomes a neutron star, the rest of the star's material. Many of the so-called "bargain" night-vision scopes use Generation-0 or Generation-1 technology, and may be disappointing if you expect the sensitivity of the devices used by professionals. Dozens of active vents pepper the landscape with volcanic rings the size of California. Usually they are tidally locked, with one side always facing its host star. gravitational waves are much weaker than e-m waves, and therefore require very, very precise equipment to detect, 24.23 The first, indirect detection of gravitational waves in the 1970s involved, a pulsar that was in the same star system with a neutron star, 24.24 In the first direct detection of gravitational waves by LIGO in 2015, the waves came from. It … at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, where matter is more crowded. Overall, what do current data suggest about planetary types in other planetary systems? They can be hot enough to boil metal or locked in deep freeze. It was initially thought that it might be a solid body like a very big Mercury but the concensus now seems to be that it is a “hot Jupiter”, a gas planet formed much farther from its star that migrated inward. More than twenty years after the discovery of the first hot Jupiter, there is no consensus on their predominant origin channel. A world merely 7 million km from a star like 51 Pegasi should have a temperature of about 1,000 degrees Celsius, just short of red hot. 18.5Which of the following characteristics of a single star (one that moves through space alone) is it difficult to measure directly? This led astronomers to which of the following ideas: Ceres may have (or may have had) a liquid ocean under its crust. Air flow deposits, surge deposits, ash flow deposits. ), the extreme (high) heat at most latitudes, The total surface area of planet Mars is roughly equal to the. 22.19 When stars become giants, which of the following does NOT usually happen, NOT TRUE, WRONG? 23.22 How did Supernova 1987A demonstrate that new elements are made in supernova explosions? Mars appears to have long branching channels that have the appearance of being formed by a flowing liquid. The Sun is classified as a G2 V star, with G2 standing for the second hottest stars of the yellow G class—of surface temperature about 5,800 kelvins (K)—and the V representing a main sequence, or dwarf, star, the typical star for this temperature class. 14.2 Astronomers estimate that about 25 million meteors strike the Earth s atmosphere each day. It’s unlikely gas giants could form so close to their star; more likely, they would have migrated inwards from more distant orbits. 13.16 According to our textbook, what is the best way to defend ourselves against an asteroid which is on course to collide with the Earth in 7 years? 17.18 Which of the following is a failed star , an object with too little mass to qualify as a star? C) they are the opposite of black holes. Yet the cluster contains two white dwarfs, each with a mass less than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. E) they are supported by electron degeneracy pressure. it was caused by tectonic pressures from deep within the planet. Hot Jupiters were the first exoplanets to be discovered around main sequence stars and astonished us with their close-in orbits. [22] Traditionally, the in situ mode of conglomeration has been disfavored because the assembly of massive cores, which is necessary for the formation of hot Jupiters, requires surface densities of solids ≈ 104 g/cm2, or larger. Most of these planets are around or below Jupiter mass as more massive planets have stronger gravity keeping them at roughly Jupiter's size. 23.30 Although centuries ago, astronomers thought that a nova was a new star, appearing for the first time in the heavens, today we know that it is: a binary star system in which one star is a white dwarf and mass is being transferred to. they suggest that some type Ia supernova are caused by the collision of two white. Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star. What wavelength of electromagnetic radiation would I be smartest to use: The spacecraft that sent back the most detailed radar images of Venus and showed us features as small as a football field is: About 75% of the surface of Venus consists of. For comparison, Pluto’s more elliptical orbit carries it between about 30 and 50 astro… What distinguishes these brown dwarfs from others that astronomers have discovered? Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method, because the oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion … 12.3 The four large moons of Jupiter were first discovered by: 12.4 The largest satellite (moon) in the solar system is: 12.5 Which of the following is NOT one of the largest moons in the Solar System? 11.14 Which of the jovian planets has the shortest period of rotation (the shortest day)? 17.8 Why are astronomers much more interested in the luminosity of a star than its apparent brightness? Three … 24.2When astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in space let go of an orange, it just floats there. Except for the top of the Great Red Spot, the white clouds are the highest, with cloud-top temperatures of about 120 kelvins (K; −240 °F, or −150 °C). That bright streak is not actually the rock, but rather the glowing hot air as the hot … 11.21 What do the magnetic fields of Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune have in common? This means that for most hot Jupiters, stable satellites would be small asteroid-sized bodies. 13.12 The Shoemaker-NEAR spacecraft explored two asteroids, Mathilde and Eros. Name some geologic consequences of the Santorini/Thera eruption. What is this new event? 24.12 The region around a black hole where everything is trapped, and nothing can get out to interact with the rest of the universe, is called, 24.13 Deep inside a black hole (and hidden from our view) is the compressed center, where all the "stuff" of the star goes. The close proximity to their stars and high surface-atmosphere temperatures resulted in the moniker "hot Jupiters". Indeed, hot Jupiters with masses below Jupiter, and temperatures above 1800 Kelvin, are so inflated and puffed out that they are all on unstable evolutionary paths which eventually lead to Roche-Lobe overflow and the evaporation and loss of the planet's atmosphere. 14.7Some years some meteor showers, such as the Leonids, feature many more meteors than at other times. Which of the following is NOT one of the key reasons that so many spacecraft from Earth have visited Venus and Mars? Hot Jupiters are gas giant planets, much like Saturn or Jupiter, that orbit extraordinarily close to their stars, at about one-tenth of the distance from Mercury to the sun. As the gas cools down, the gas slides down again into the Sun's interior. When Galileo first discovered the moons of Jupiter he called them the Medicean planets, after a powerful Italian Medici family. Which of the following is part of their explanation? 1 decade ago. 12.6 The satellite which has the thickest atmosphere (so thick that it s quite a surprise for a satellite) is: 12.7 When astronomers say that Ganymede is a differentiated body, they mean that it: has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust. 12.24 Saturn's ring particles are composed mainly of: 12.25 The rings that most resemble Saturn's narrow F ring in the solar system are: 12.26 What makes the rings of Neptune different from those of other planets we know? Jupiter's Great Red Spot is more than twice the size of Earth! First off, you should know that Jupiter does not have a hard, rocky surface like the one we have here on Earth. [45], Even when taking surface heating from the star into account, many transiting hot Jupiters have a larger radius than expected. Their defining characteristics are their large masses and short orbital periods, spanning 0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses and 1.3–111 Earth days. A big difference between them is that: Mathilde appears to be pile of rubble (a collection of separate rocks) while Eros is solid. e. Saturn’s moon Enceladus, because its cryovolcanoes indicate that it has liquid water under the surface. 18.22 A white dwarf, compared to a main sequence star with the same mass, would always be: 18.23 Imagine that powerful telescopes in the future give us a truly representative sampling of all the stars in the Sun's cosmic neighborhood. 23.17 Your sweetheart gives you a piece of gold jewelry as a present to celebrate your passing your astronomy class. main sequence stars are rare in the Galaxy, so we are lucky to be living around one, 22.3How long a main sequence star remains on the main sequence in the H-R diagram depends most strongly on, 22.4 The event in the life of a star that begins its expansion into a giant is, all the hydrogen in its core that was hot enough for fusion has been turned into. In contrast, Uranus and Neptune have only enough mass to make. 12.14 The moon Triton orbits which of the planets? We weren't really expecting anything like super-Earths, but … Which of the following was NOT a method by which astronomers have learned about the surface of Titan? [39][40], Confirmed transiting hot Jupiters that have orbital periods of less than one day include WASP-18b, WASP-19b, WASP-43b, and WASP-103b. 22.12 Which of the following statements about open clusters of stars is FALSE, WRONG, NOT TRUE? c. Saturn’s moon Titan, because it has an atmosphere containing many organic molecules. Puffy planets orbit close to their stars so that the intense heat from the star combined with internal heating within the planet will help inflate the atmosphere. 13.6 The fact that some asteroids cluster in what are called asteroid families is probably the result of: collisions which broke up larger bodies into a number of smaller ones. Where on the H-R diagram would most of the stars in our immediate vicinity lie? This burns up in the mantle and thus gives off pressure that forms volcanoes. Migration via the other mechanism can happen after the loss of the gas disk. Io was discovered with three other moons (Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. 18.8 Which of the following statements about spectroscopic binary stars is FALSE? 13.21 Which of the following statements about the tails of comets is FALSE? 11.28 Which of the following statements about Jupiter's magnetosphere is TRUE? If the hot Jupiter maintains an eccentricity greater than 0.01, sweeping secular resonances can increase the eccentricity of a companion planet, causing it to collide with the hot Jupiter. How can they know about motions like this? They examine the spectrum of the sunlight that reflects from the asteroid. 14.20 The telescope in space that allowed astronomers to find thousands of exoplanets and exoplanet candidates by making very careful measurements during a planet transit was called: 14.21 A type of planet that our surveys of exoplanets are revealing around other stars, but we don t have any examples of around the Sun are: 14.22 One of the most perplexing issues raised by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets is the existence of hot Jupiters planets with the masses and compositions of Jupiter, but orbiting closer to their stars than Mercury does in our solar system. [17][18] The planet may have migrated inward smoothly via type II orbital migration. These first planets … stars are so far away, we cannot resolve (distinguish) their diameters. 18.13 Stars on the main sequence obey a mass-luminosity relation. What is the stratigraphic method of reconstructing volcanic history? these stars are intrinsically so luminous, that they can easily be seen even across great distances. because they just cannot get hot/close enough for the fusion of heavier nuclei because. 23.8 The most stable (tightly bound) atomic nucleus in the universe is: 23.9 What incident in a massive star's life sets off (begins) the very quick chain of events that leads to a supernova explosion? Instead of being gas giants that migrated inward, in an alternate hypothesis the cores of the hot Jupiters began as more common super-Earths which accreted their gas envelopes at their current locations, becoming gas giants in situ. What is our best idea currently about how such hot Jupiters came to be? If we do it early enough, we could explode something on or near the asteroid to deflect it slightly, so that years later it would then miss the Earth, 13.17Halley's Comet was given that name because Edmond Halley was, the scientist who pointed out that the orbit of the comet was such that it should return every 76 years or so, 13.18Short-period comets like Comet Halley, come back again and again at predictable intervals. 12.2 The majority of the moons orbiting the outer (jovian) planets are: small moons orbiting in the that their planet turns w in a retrograde direction. Uranus takes about 17 hours to rotate once on its axis. These present day stromatolytes are made up by the growth of bacteria communities and blue algae on which grains of sand deposit. 12.11 Which element plays the same role on Titan as water does on Earth (existing as gas, liquid, and solid)? 11.12 The jovian planet that has the longest year (period of revolution) is: 11.13 The dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930. Synchrotron radiation, electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, as by a magnetic field.It is so called because particles moving at such speeds in a variety of particle accelerator that is known as a synchrotron produce electromagnetic radiation of this sort. Too far, and the vital compound stays locked. [30], One example of these sorts of systems is that of WASP-47. Why then do we not see more comets in our skies? 12.27When two objects in orbit have periods of revolution that are simple ratios of each other (such as 1 to 2 or 1 to 3) we say that we have: 13.1A main difference between asteroids and comets is that asteroids are mostly made of rock and comets are mostly made of, 13.2 The first asteroid to be discovered (which is also the largest one) is called. Jupiter is hot by the following fact: Just by the friction at the time of its formation. I want to examine the surface of a planet which is completely covered by a thick layer of clouds all the time. You can sign in to vote the answer. black holes can eat anything close enough to its event horizon. 12.12 For a while, after the space age began, astronomers did not know what the surface of Titan looks like, but today they do. 22.11 How are globular clusters distributed in our Milky Way Galaxy? 23.34 Astronomers have discovered pulsars spinning 500 x per second or more. What has she been up to? These effects are called "star-planet interactions" or SPIs. 17.11 Which of the following types of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)? only on the right side of the diagram and never on the left. Winds inside this storm reach speeds of about 270 miles per hour. [26][27] If these super-Earths formed at greater distances and migrated closer, the formation of in situ hot Jupiters is not entirely in situ. B) they are the end-products of small, low-mass stars. Which of the following is among the kinds of evidence they have identified? the ages of the oldest rocks on Earth, the Moon, and meteorites w. 14.11 When the solar system was forming, the building blocks from which the protoplanets gathered together were the: planetesimals (a few km to tens of km wide). The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across. 23.32 In a Type Ia supernova, the cause of the violent outburst is: the transfer of so much mass from a companion star that a white dwarf goes "over the. 13.3 How have astronomers learned what different asteroids are made of? The first spacecraft to orbit another planet circled Mars in 1971. The hot gas rising in the center is brighter than the cooler gas sinking at the borders. 18.25 Astronomers identify the main sequence on the H-R diagram with what activity in the course of a star's life? A meteor is a space rock—or meteoroid—that enters Earth's atmosphere. Why are these two gases absent in the atmosphere of the satellite around Saturn called Titan? So called for its similarity to Vesuvius' eruption. They are visible for much of the year, except for short periods of time when they are too close to the Sun to observe. 23.33 A type Ia supernova involves the transfer of mass from one star to a companion white dwarf? Atlas (the shepherd moon near Saturn's A ring). ultraviolet radiation from the collapsing hot star at the center. Like on Earth, as cooler gas moves down through the atmosphere, the swirling intensifies, but there is no solid ground on Jupiter to slow it down. 24.4Which of the following statements about the way the mass of a white dwarf affects spacetime is correct? it detected a lot of water and water vapor clouds on its way down, 11.11 The big problem with the Galileo spacecraft is that, its main antenna is stuck in the closed position. Alien solar systems that are home to so-called "hot Jupiters" — gas giants circling sizzlingly close to their stars — are unlikely homes for Earth-like planets, researchers say. If Voyager took a photo of the south pole 8.5 hours later, what would it observe? 17.22 At an astronomical conference, an astronomer gives a report on a star that interests astronomers because of hints that it may have a planet around it. Mars atmosphere is generally pretty clear (so the surface is visible) while Venus is always cloudy. 18.15 Which of the following is a method for measuring the diameter of a star? The big-bang theory is the dominant theory of the origin of the universe. A fireball briefly brighter than the Sun could be seen in the sky. And scientists now think they have caught a culprit red-handed. Yet, in some cases, astronomers cannot locate a star near where they see Type Ia explosions. Which of the following is evidence for volcanic activity on Venus, large regions where hot magma rising from the interior of Venus puts pressure on the surface material. the white dwarf mass will curve spacetime; light has to follow that curvature. the difference between how bright a star looks at two different wavelength regions. Many have unusually low densities. a planet that is Jupiter-like in size but orbits very close to its star. In essence, the Kepler mission searched for extrasolar planets by _____. 11.1 Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the ways the jovian planets differ from the terrestrial planets? According to the nebular theory, where should jovian planets form? 17.1When an astronomer rambles on and on about the luminosity of a star she is studying, she is talking about: how much energy the star gives off each second, 17.2 Two stars have the same luminosity, but star B is three times farther away from us than star A. During that period, the so-called inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—all developed the same kind of air, a so-called primary atmosphere. [49] The recent discovery of particularly low density gas giants orbiting red giant stars supports this theory. 12.19 Which of the following statements about Charon is FALSE? The super-Earths providing the cores in this hypothesis could have formed either in situ or at greater distances and have undergone migration before acquiring their gas envelopes. 13.22 Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of the Rosetta mission to Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G)? 14.23 At the beginning of the solar system s history, a ready supply of proto-planets or mini-planets crashed into the developing planets and each other something astronomers call the era of giant impacts. all the jovians have satellites around them and none of the terrestrials do. 23.20 Which of the following statements about Supernova 1987A is FALSE, WRONG NOT TRUE? 22.27 If mid-sized stars with masses like our Sun s cannot make elements heavier than oxygen, where are heavier elements like silicon produced in the universe? in the lower right, among the least luminous main sequence stars. The short period means that hot Jupiters are very close to their host stars, usually less than 0.1 AU, one tenth of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. 22.8 A group of graduate students, bored during a cloudy night at the observatory, begin to make bets about the time different stars will take to evolve. C) they are both very hot and very small. Herschel measured the two stars that make up the Castor system moved around each other. What is a so-called "hot Jupiter"? The stagnant lid regime is not efficient in removing heat from the interior . sadly the message will never emerge from the event horizon, 24.15 The astronomer who first worked out the mathematical description of black hole event horizons was, 24.16 Once a black hole forms, the size of its event horizon is determined only by. it has a thick layer of clouds containing sulfuric acid droplets, The troposphere (the lowest layer in the atmosphere) of Venus, resembles being about a kilometer or so under the Earth's ocean -- a huge mass of air keeps temperatures pretty much the same all over the planet. A good example is the term planetary nebula, which astronomers use to refer to: the shell let go by a dying low-mass star. They are the so called “stromatolytes”; structures made of several layers piled one on top of the other like a stack of pancakes. What is the main source of energy for this glow? Not the biggest moon in terms of kilometers, but the biggest as a percentage of the size of the planet it orbits. the larger the world, the slower it cools off and the more it will keep its internal heat w hot Jupiters formed by the collision and merger of many terrestrial planets these collisions heated them up. NASA/ESA. search for flickering x-rays being given off from an accretion disk around the black hole, as it "eats" part of a neighbor star. the south pole is brightly lit with sun shining down it, 11.19 Astronomers believe that Jupiter s strong magnetic field is caused by, a huge layer of metallic hydrogen inside Jupiter. 22.14 An astronomy student, for her PhD, really needs to estimate the age of a cluster of stars. Astronomers believe that Mars formed with a much thicker atmosphere than it has today. But the stars are all very far away, so none of them can be seen to spin even when he looks through the largest telescopes. The amount of gas removed from the outermost layers depends on the planet's size, the gases forming the envelope, the orbital distance from the star, and the star's luminosity. 23.10 When the mass of a star's core is greater than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, degenerate electrons can t keep it stable as a white dwarf. So how can we explain the channels? d) a planet with a mass similar to Jupiter but very close to the central star and therefore hot You find one star that appears especially dim. it exploded relatively close to us, in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. they typically contain more mass than a globular cluster. What is the cause of these meteor storms ? 14.25 Which of these worlds is the most active geologically? 14.6 If everything in the solar system is moving around, why do the Perseid meteors repeat regularly around August 11th or so? How long do astronomers estimate this era lasted? Why then do they look so bright to us? They are likely to have extreme and exotic atmospheres due to their short periods, relatively long days, and, They appear to be more common around F- and G-type stars and less so around K-type stars. Exoplanets come in a wide variety of sizes, from gas giants larger than Jupiter to small, rocky planets about as big around as Earth or Mars. heavier elements are made in the cores of significantly more massive stars than the. The process by which Venus became so much hotter than the Earth is called: The observation that began the 19th and early 20th century fascination with Mars as a place for life was: Schiaparelli's seeing what seemed to him to be long straight features on the red planet. How do they explain the absence of a companion star? T - 2AD4HBY from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. How did scientists in 1919 show that Einstein's theory described the behavior of the real world and wasn't just a crazy hypothesis? on its surface. There are three inner planets and an outer gas giant in the habitable zone. Astronomer call this central point. The type II migration happens during the solar nebula phase, i.e. [For Jupiter] The energy source of Jupiter may be its methane. Nobody knows when the Great Red Spot first appeared on Jupiter, but it has been seen on Jupiter ever since people started looking through telescopes about 400 years ago. because the luminosity tells us how bright a star really is, while apparent brightness only tells us how bright it happens to look from Earth. 24.7 In 1959, Pound and Rebka did an experiment to test the prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity about the relationship between the pace of time and the strength of gravity. They are a prime example of how exoplanets have challenged our textbook, solar-system inspired story of how planetary systems form and evolve. It has been found that several hot Jupiters have retrograde orbits, in stark contrast to what would be expected from most theories on planetary formation,[33] though it is possible that the star itself flipped over early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disc, rather than the planet's orbit being disturbed. Wasp 39b is a so-called hot Saturn, with a mass about one-third that of Jupiter [ + ] [ - ] ID: 740770; MARK GARLICK / Science Photo Library Licensing terms License; Buy-Out; $349 4242 x 6000 px, 300 dpi $249 848 x 1200 px, 72 dpi. radioactive dating of the primitive meteorites indicates they have that age (since they are left-over building blocks of the solar system). Just floats there have a hard, rocky surface like the one we have here on.. 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