Traditional African religion, aside from In fact, there are rich similarities that both religions share. Chande, Abdin. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The appearance of new epidemic diseases such as smallpox and cholera, which arose in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in hinterland East Africa (and which the local people could not adequately deal with), led the people to turn increasingly to the Muslim healing system. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. However, all the sources agree that ATR promotes the fear of many spirits with god-like powers. of reformers came. An occultic religion that promotes jihad ( Suicide bombing ), all sorts of rituals, Idolatry (worship of black stone, and quarter moon ), polygamy and polyandry. Also, Arabs recognize the active presence of Africans in the evolution of pre-Islamic Arabic culture and the important role that Ethiopia and Ethiopians played in the early history of Islam. universes. In fact, some had in the past a written tradition in Arabic script. The African The Islam beliefs are slightly similar … Scriptures have themselves become the new intermediaries, sought out and feared, who Contrast that with the Christian duty to fear only Jehovah. The long cohabitation of Islam with The Salafi reform is itself at some level quite conservative and traditional; to the extent that this is true, Salafi reform and Sufi traditionalism are constantly engaged in an overlapping movement of interaction. It is, of course, undeniable that as a result of contact with Arabic these languages (which are related in their ethos to Arabic) have absorbed many Arabic loanwords. Pan-Islam is the ideology that calls for the unity and cooperation of Muslims worldwide on the basis of their shared Islamic identity. of the attached African charms. invisible forces, good or evil, from whom it is possible to win favours through the The difficulties of a new life under the colonial system, which uprooted the African from his traditional universe, presented Islam with an opportunity to provide a new framework as meaningful and all-embracing as the old African one. The roles of men and women are constantly changing due to urbanization, education, and cross-cultural contacts. It is closely Islamic penetration in the rural areas, on the other hand, made piecemeal infiltration over a long period of time with significant gains awaiting a much later period. 4.3 The Similarities and Differences in the Notion of God in Christianity and African Traditional Religion 38 Fashole-Luke was very correct when he showed how Robertson Smith notes very importantly that there is always interconnectedness of religions since no religion began on a “clean sheet” as such, without link or resemblance in form or substance with other religions. God does not intervene in the day-to-day affairs of life. Did Islam introduce patriarchy in Africa? of the religious message of the Koran that finally tipped the balance in Islam's favour ritualised experience of the ancestors. The coexistence of Islam and African traditional religion has cultural and linguistic implications as well. The cross-cultural trade in many parts of Africa, apart from reinforcing cultural self-identity and nurturing religious commitment, fostered a pluralist structure in which commerce, Islam, and the indigenous system supported the urban network. flexibility and patience over the centuries. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In some of these areas, however, the written word has competed with the oral literature especially among such clan-based people as the Somali. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000. Although the majority of Africans today are adherents of Christianity or Islam, African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Adherents of traditional religions in sub-Saharan Africa are distributed among 43 countries and are estimated to number over 100 million.. "Radicalism and Reform in East Africa." The regular fulfilment of the other Encyclopedia.com. Seen from the outside, constraint and fear Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Prussin, Labelle. . Islam, which for many centuries coexisted well with traditional African religion, gradually over time attempted to replace it as the dominant faith of some regions without major clashes. For the first generation of Muslims, introduction to Islamic cultural values was what came first whereas Islamization itself could take generations to realize. profession of faith (shadâda). Sufism, far from being a predominantly rural phenomenon that would fade away as Muslim societies became increasingly modernized, has continued to thrive and to engage African Muslims of the urban centers as well. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. This is parallel view to the African view of the family of both the living and the omitted. Scholars, however, need comparative data across a number of African societies to make a meaningful comparison. By way of comparison, among the Tuareg-Berbers of the Sahara (who tend to be matriarchal) their unveiled women continued to enjoy far more freedom of movement than their Arab counterparts in North Africa. The intensity of Islam varied from one region of Africa to another and was influenced by a number of factors, including the length of interaction between Islam and the traditional religion, the compatibility or incompatibility of the worldviews of the two religious systems, and the level of resilience of the indigenous integrative symbols to sustain traditional structures of the local religion. Instead of God keeping his distance from man, He, throughout history and today reaches down in love to draw humans toward him. no way opposed. The theme of Islamic revivalism will be discussed later. Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/african-culture-and-islam. Thus, as Labelle Prussin notes, the single, towering pyramidal earthen cone became the mihrab (it also served as a minaret) with its system of projecting wooden pickets extending out of this massive structure. This is how the mosques were constructed by the Mande of West Africa with Islam clearly inspiring the use of certain architectural features in the spatial configuration. Arabic, with no more than the changes proper to the structure of each language. These are governed by other In Christianity there is a spiritual book for worship-the Bible while in African traditional religion there's no spiritual … In christianity, they believe that God is the alpha and omega, and in traditional African religion, they also believe the same. The practice of curing illnesses attributed to occult forces provided an opportunity for the Muslim healing system to flourish and allowed for the services of Muslim healers/holy men (who provided additional healing choices to local practitioners) to be in high demand. Mecca is the headquarter of this eastern satanic religion. Moreover, the Qadiriyya order accepted the female leadership of Shaykha Binti Mtumwa (a former slave or person of low status) who founded a branch of the order in Malawi and was successful in attracting many women. Nevertheless, where Islam was introduced and its values incorporated in the socioeconomic and political structures of these societies (especially those with a propensity for state/empire building) a hierarchical social organization resulted in which there were clear demarcations of male and female spheres of activity. However, the date of retrieval is often important. African Muslims in Antebellum America: A Sourcebook, Remembering (and forgetting) African Muslims in the Americas, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, African Muslims in Antebellum America: A Sourcebook. Pouwels, Randall. This calligraphy allowed for a new system of spatial organization. On the contrary, given the central place of the ." Similarities . The long cohabitation of Islam with traditional African religion has also had an effect at the cultural level. Its interaction with African traditional religions is therefore governed by the tension between its supra-ethnic universality of its umma and the ethnocentrism of African traditional religion. into the other. the primary motive is clearly the desire to belong to a community, far more than the Yet, despite Muslim efforts to purge African elements from their faith, their religion continued to display a level of "Africanness" that revealed the indigenization of Islam in these regions of West Africa. In 1888 Bamba established Touba/Tubaa as a great holy city (some say) to rival Mecca, and he was buried there in 1927. life for the African uprooted or disillusioned with his traditional socio-religious Every year hundreds of thousands of his followers visit his tomb on the anniversary of his death. Animal Sacrifice in Islam African Traditional Religion believers have no doubt that their religion is the correct one because their children are initiated into this religion as soon as they are conceived. generations (the ancestors), in his relationship with his fellow creatures and in his Where Islam was introduced such items as charms, amulets, certain types of clothing, and prestige goods were incorporated into local societies. Hence, it cannot be avoided in the interaction between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. millennium, if not longer, adding to the fabric of these cultures. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1982. Religions are experiential and the unique heritage of people living in community. It is significant to note that the Mahdiyya movement, which was established in 1941 in Ijebul-Ode in southern Nigeria by the southern Muslim scholar, Muhammad Jumat Imam, emphasized the education of women, their attendance of mosques together with men, and their inclusion in public affairs (hence no Qur˒anic basis for the practice of purdah, or female seclusion. transmission of life to numerous descendants. Furthermore, they regard spirits and lesser divinities as intermediaries between human beings and God. The old forms and symbols of the indigenous system are often not discarded but retrieved and reinforced and recast in a new form. sacred Koranic text in Islam and the impossibility for most Africans of gaining direct the old one. It is not preached to them that their religion is correct; it is simply assumed and unthought-of. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. which traditional religion could not function. The call by Muslim groups in northern Nigeria for nationalization of Islamic law (to apply beyond northern Nigeria) has unleashed the shari˓a debate, a source of tension in national politics in a country where at the very least only half or slightly more than half the population is Muslim. Differences between Christianity and Islam : Islam is a religion. The first is the expansion of Islamic states—that is, states whose ruling elite consisted…, Islam The Islamic architectural tradition (mediated through the Maghrebian heritage) in turn inspired the architectural imagery or style represented by the thatched domes of the Senegal-Guinea area for mosques and maraboutic (referring to a Muslim scholar or saint in North Africa or parts of West Africa) shrines following the example of the domed cities of Tripoli and Cairo. In The History of Islam in Africa. During Muhammad's lifetime a group of Muslims escaped Meccan persec…, The expansion of Islam historically embraces two phenomena. Clark, Peter. entirely. It contains a lot of brief, yet informative articles about different aspects of Islam. For instance, the Yoruba women of southwestern Nigeria continued to be market women even after the coming of Islam whereas their Hausa counterparts in northern Nigeria tended to lead more secluded lives. traditional African religion has also had an effect at the cultural level. In the artistic and architectural domains, for instance, there has been a unique blending of Islamic structure and African representation. seem to be the dominant notes of traditional African religion, but this would be to forget The Arabic language has provided abstract concepts, particularly religious ones, that reveal Islamic modes of thought and expression. In African Muslim societies in general, however, it has been noted that there is often an antistate discourse underlying the call for Islamic law by Muslim groups, which seek to foster their religious and cultural autonomy in societies (with failed political institutions and secular ideologies such as socialism) in which state and secular institutions have failed to respond to their needs. Shaykh Uthman dan Fodio? Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Christians call it God, Muslims Allah, Hindus Brahma, and African Traditional Religions (ATRs) had a variety of names for this entity. The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. The actual One must conclude that Islam, in This was the period when the learned Muslims, as in West African kingdoms, played a key role in administration and diplomacy. Are African religious traditions destined to die out as socioeconomic changes (not to mention the colonial experience) have disrupted the cultural nexus in which these traditions have thrived? These similarities are so strong and basic, it’s a wonder that there are any tensions between the two! Many of its adherents convert to Christianity or Islam. Lanham, Md. I noticed throughout the reading there were some similarities between West African religious culture and some Native American religious culture. "African Culture and Islam https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/african-culture-and-islam, "African Culture and Islam Strict observation of the rites and taboos and Again African Traditional is a little different because it is a natural religion. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Islamic Talismanic Tradition in Nineteenth Century Asante. Since Christianity came in contact with the traditional religion, there has always been a sharp conflict between traditionalists and Christians. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. an African reality. Similarities between Christianity and Africa Traditional Religion African Religion and Beliefs by Richard Chowning I toyed with the idea of calling this short piece, "Commonalities between Christianity and African Traditional Religion." so intermingled are the two socio-religious universes. While the influence of the tariqa (Sufi orders) has been undermined to some extent in some parts of Africa such as Tanzania, the commitment to Sufistic engagement with faith nevertheless continues to be strong in West Africa and especially in Senegal, although even there it is facing the challenge of the Salafi reformers. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. There is no doubt that, for African Muslims, «Africanicity» and Islam are in . C. Islam is not a new religion found by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). By comparison, the public is even more likely to see differences rather than similarities between their own religion and Mormonism, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism. Dunbar, Roberta Ann. 3. The History of Islam in Africa. Islam. There is no real break in the passage from one community to the This is an explanation of what Islam and Christianity believe about the Scriptures, the Prophets and the Trinity. In this way a balance was established between local ritual prescriptions and those of universal Islam. always been very easy: a change of name and the recitation, before witnesses, of the For instance, the belief in mystical powers (jinn/invisible supernatural creatures) allows Islam to be accommodated to the African spirit world that is so important to understanding the African religious universe. Translations of the Bible into some seven hundred African languages (as of 1992) use religious terms and concepts of African religion. Recognition of Islamic laws in many African states after independence has created tensions and political controversy especially when the secular elites have sought to forge a uniform system of law or at least have attempted to modify Muslim personal law (in aspects such as marriage for girls) to bring it in line with the inherited Western law and African customary practices. The Bible was used as a tool to pacify Africans and to make them docile. by Richard Chowning. Islam has been in Africa for so long and has become so acculturated to the African landscape that some scholars have argued that it is a … They have their own bible (which is the Quran), which is full of contradictions. Pouwels, Randall, and Levitzion, Nehemia, eds. Islam is taught that Al Illa is the only God. Thus All religions believe in the existence of a Higher Power that created the universe. 2. For them Islam is not an imported religion. Islam and Christianity are thought of as two monolithic religions. African Religion and Beliefs. It was not the superiority In their encounter with other legal systems European colonial powers left these systems functioning in some societies (for instance, Sudan and Nigeria as part of the Britain's self-serving policy of indirect rule) while in others they allowed Muslim judges to apply Islamic civil and family law except in criminal matters, which were tried by European courts. Unlike African customary law, which is unwritten, Islamic law (which covers both public and private life) is written and provides an extensive framework within which Muslim qadis (judges) analyze legal issues and deduce new laws to handle new situations in the umma. The real proximity of Islam with Islamic influence is, in fact, revealed both at the explicit and suggestive levels in languages as different as the Berber dialects, Hausa, Swahili, and Somali to name just a few. . It is a global framework of life, At this level there was accommodation to social and political structures of authority. Therefore, both possession cults and Sufi brotherhoods have allowed women to establish a sphere of action in hierarchical societies where control of the state is a male domain. Islamic culture has generally held the written word in such high esteem that wherever Islam has reached in Africa versions of its script have been adopted in those regions of sustained contact. the inculturation of the religious message has in many cases preceded the islamisation Both religions are monotheistic in nature, thus they believe in a single God whom they worship. The Sufi dhikr (chant) practices and the spirit possession cults (bori among Hausas in West Africa and zar in Ethiopia and Sudan) have offered women possibilities for autonomous spiritual expression and for creation of networks of mutual support. In reality, there are no commonalities between religions. In the postcolonial period the scope of Islamic law, where it is applied, is limited to religious issues and civil cases; the modern trend, with its emphasis on equal rights of citizens, is to have laws that apply across the board without recognizing any distinctions based on religion or gender. Can both systems penetrate Western secular culture, whose secular institutions and ideologies have not functioned well in Africa? In many regions of Africa Islam has but rather purely sociological factors which, as in the case of colonialism and the The answer to this is both simple and complex. African Religion and its Influence on Christianity and Islam Traditional African religion has been the basis of spirituality for the people of Africa. is a relatively recent fact. Westerlund, David, and Rosander, Eva Evers, eds. These religions believe this power is all-powerful, omnipresent, and omniscient. With the Arabic language Islam has been able to fill a gap. respects, equally fundamental, in which the two religions seem irreconcilable. African religion has encountered other religions, notably Christianity and Islam, and other cultures, especially Western. The indigenous religions of Africa coexist alongside more recently introduced global religions, namely Islam and Christianity. How else would one explain the continued presence of, for instance, the bori cult in northern Nigeria? Muslims have always maintained quite close links with the Arab world, from which a number This arrangement assisted in maintaining order although it did not please some West African Sufi leaders of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who launched their jihads (reform movements) of Islamic revivalism (some of which had mahdist/messianic overtones) to establish Islamic states. Monotheism . Many African peoples, some scarcely touched by In The History of Islam in Africa. West Africa and Islam. The mass adoption of Islam by the Africans ." More specifically, what has been the role of Islam with respect to the status of women in the regions of Africa where Islam has been introduced? For some women these changes have generated new freedom and opportunities for self-improvement. Bravmann, Rene A. African Islam. It was preceded in most cases by a long period of But at the same time there are other More importantly, the local altar-shrine was transformed into the mosque in such a way that the physical configuration represented a qualitative leap into verticality. proximity between these two religious worlds. This influence should be expected given that the Red Sea separates the Arabian peninsula from Africa and this proximity resulted in a profound interaction in a number of spheres. Piety and Power. was, and yet it is completely foreign to Islam. Yet for some educated young African Muslims who are discomfited by magical practices, saint veneration, hierarchy, and the authoritarianism of some Sufi orders, the Salafi message has seemed attractive. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Similarities between Christianity and Africa Traditional Religion. Apar…, This article describes and discusses some aspects of the material culture of Islam to underscore and appreciate the diversities of Islamic societies…, The term dar al-islam, which literally means "the house or abode of Islam," came to signify Islamic territory in juridical discussions. For the uprooted African who joined the faith, the Muslim supra-ethnic umma provided a solidarity and a sense of belonging not very different from that of the African village/ethnic one. This trade network, or diaspora, was closely associated with the diffusion of Islamic studies, including mysticism in the later centuries, and enabled Islam to penetrate peacefully beyond the Sahel—the semiarid region of African between the Sahara and the savannahs—into the savannah area. African Traditional Religion: A De nition (1973), Omosade Awolalu in Yoruba Belief and Sacri cial Rites and John Mbiti in The Concept of God in Africa (1970) are a few examples of Similarities between ATR and all other false religions. In the process of islamisation Mozambique, for instance, has made attempts to recognize traditional and religious marriages (thus doing the basic minimum) whereas Sudan has made shari˓a the law of the land. languages are in general languages with a concrete vocabulary, rather limited in the Also, the way Islamic law was interpreted (some have suggested) tended to give men considerably more power over property matters than perhaps was the case in some African societies. There must be a level of affinity between the two religious systems that allows this to happen. where only the survival of the group ultimately counts. meaning. Islam made its presence felt in much of Africa (the East coast and Horn of Africa as well as West Africa) mainly through trade and migration. This paper focuses on the conicts between African Traditional Religion and Christianity. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. the ritual prayer. Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen, 1991. In christianity Christ came and became a sacrificial lamb in order to appease God on behalf of mankind and in traditional African religion, they also offer animals and sometimes humans in order to appease God for their sins. For many, abandoning the New prescriptions During the period of economic hardships in the last several decades, issues of cultural authenticity have become Moreover, while the Islamic prescriptions replaced the indigenous ones, in matters of worship, however, the Muslim ritual prayer did not completely dislodge the traditional rituals of seeking to appease the ancestors. In the coastal trading communities of East Africa the process of interaction between the Middle Eastern immigrants, mainly south Arabians, and the dominant African groups created a new urban ethos in which Islam blended with the indigenous local culture to produce Swahili Islam. Just like traditional religions in Africa, so do the other two … What made this possible was the fact that the Islamic faith was much more adaptable in Africa with very minimal requirements for new members who at the very least were expected to change their names after reciting the testimony of faith. the first place via the trade routes from the Arab countries and North Africa. the disconcerting diversity of its actual forms of expression, is in reality much more Edited by Randall Pouwels and Nehemia Levitzion. its traditional African form, is entirely a part of the African cultural heritage and thus In fact, the ancestral beliefs have been recombined with Muslim practice to form a new "folk" religion with emphasis on, say, saint veneration (which popular Islam and Sufism reinforce) that approximates local ancestor veneration. islamisation has come later, confirming and assembling within a coherent structure these Muslim prayers and amulets were more popular than Muslim secular remedies in this atmosphere of suspicion (which took the form of sorcery and witchcraft accusations). co-existence during which Islam remained a minority religion. Muslim religion is equivalent to the rejection of all their family and tribal traditions, The Arabic language has provided abstract concepts, particularly religious ones, that reveal Islamic modes of thought and expression. of external factors and in the overwhelming majority of cases without any violence. linked to the ancestral soil and places each African both in the succession of the But conversion does not mean abandoning the world of traditional religiosity. This is rather unlikely as African indigenous cultures have demonstrated much resilience even as their followers enter the fold of either Islam or Christianity (Ali Mazrui's triple heritage) and the African ancestors are poised to raise their heads once again in the synthetic and syncretic religious universe. ." One This baraka (blessing power that heals) was passed on in families and explains why the scholarly Sufi lineages of the Sahara have played a pivotal role in mediating Islam between North and West Africa. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. These are the biggest similarities between two of the world’s largest religions. Mysticism in particular has opened the room for the acceptance of female authority (for instance, Sokna Magat Diop of the Murids) or religious leadership located within the female realm. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. The religion therefore entered much of Africa peacefully through the agency of trade and later gained status after the migrant community (purveyors of the written word and the visual symbols of Islam) was integrated into the political setup before finally the ruling elite embraced the faith and appropriated its symbols for political purposes. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. 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