cotton riots 1878

There is also the story about shirts imported at garment tariff with six-yard tails. We have a conveyance dated 3 June 1858 from the Archbishop of Canterbury to Mr. Henry Ward of "two pieces of land, part of an estate called the Brookhouse Farm, with the dwelling houses and other buildings thereon". These folk stayed a few years at Tockholes and then came down into Blackburn, bringing the name with them. It is doubtful when we first started weaving artificial silk, since called rayon and manmade fibres. About 1892 Ephraim and Grace brought Frank over from Finland, and in 1894 Herbert aged 12 and Walter 10, and brought them up. It was reported in World Trade Statistics that Hong Kong was China's best customer for textiles. If satisfactory we were prepared to buy a quantity. Direct casualties of the riot include the deaths of 60 black laborers and two soldiers, and 14 women who died in an explosion. (29) a White Paper was issued giving the general outlines of calculated surplus and a scheme of compensation, but giving no details, such as rate of compensation, on which the trade could form an opinion. The now free laborers were forced, by law, to sign contracts which bound them and their families to the plantations on which they worked. They wanted the weaving sheds for warehousing. They had a unified export organisation and government support to sell at any price for export and full permission to recoup on their preserved home market. your own Pins on Pinterest Whatever we wanted to make, we had to make what we could sell. Certainly a big percentage of it was. By today's standards too many looms were packed in, making it rather cramped, but no worse than our other mills which have all been re-spaced in recent years. A number of pubs across Australia have been listed on the retail market as owners look to offload their business on the back of a difficult year because of Covid-19. In 1883 the whole boiler house stock was valued at 16/3. The lightweight cotton fabric, also called dhoti, that is used for the manufacture of the long loincloth traditionally worn in southern Asia by Hindu men. New factory regulations about 1941 made this obligatory. (34). Seven years arrears of Cum. In 1891 he sold to Brookhouse Spinning Co. Ltd, who sold it to E & G Hindle Ltd in Aug 1937. Provided there was no great diversity of types of cloth woven, materials plus twice the weaver's wages was a good pricing system, it was tied to production and checkable in total every stocktaking. He was the only remaining partner in H & N at this time. Through F.S.Co. (13) Manufacturers of textile machinery. (35) and a jacquard actually went on the scales, in bits where necessary. A History of E and G Hindle; After the Cotton Famine; Depression in the industry; Improvements in the industry; Cotton industry in the Wars; India Mill; The rise of the middle class; Cotton riots 1878; Roe Lee Mill Royal visit; Cotton Industry Decline. On 25 January 1907 the assets were transferred to E. & G. Hindle Ltd., with directors Ephraim Hindle, George Hindle, Frank R. Haythornthwaite, Ephraim H. Hindle, 0. In 1927 we signed a bond in connection with Artificial Silk duty draw-back (on goods exported), and we had cross-dyed spun rayon checks prior to 1929 which would be spun from filament waste. Trump cited the Insurrection Act of 1807 as legal justification for sending troops into states. It ran for some years with a small success. Prior to the auction we had sold just over £25,000, with the book value of all plant and machinery at September 1959 standing at £6,028, engines boilers and gearing £1,726. The eldest son Alfred went back after the war to one factory they managed to get returned. He was killed on a training flight over Chaigley, near Longridge Fell. The heald (sometimes called heddle) is considered to be the most important single advance in the evolution of looms in general. It never ran again. It was not very successful, production being considerably higher than sales, and it was wound up in May 1913. They rented it, of course, as they had rented their other mill. The word was passed around and a glut of elderly directors unlikely to get further employment were "signing on" for the qualifying period. The old Indian market was gone; Japan was underselling us all over the world wherever her goods were allowed entry. Harry Hindle joined the Veterinary Corps straight from school and after his discharge ran some stables for a few years before joining the firm in 1953. We had £200 offered for Swallow St engine and turned it down. The Deccan Riots of 1875 targeted conditions of debt peonage (kamiuti) to moneylenders. Discover (and save!) Few in Lancashire, while sympathising with these refugees and agreeing that they were worthy of help, could appreciate that this help should be given at the expense of putting Lancashire mills and people out of work. (30) When Macmillan the Prime Minister at the time, came to open the first stretch of motorway the Preston By-pass, later part of the M6 - Ian was invited to the celebratory dinner afterwards. The original share capital was £65,000 in £ 10 ordinary shares and £15,000 in £10 5% cumulative preference shares. Mr. Ward seemed to thrive on mortgages. (12) The effective original owner of Clayton Manor. It was decided to curtail further expenditure until trade got better, and we compromised by starting up a tackler's set of 88 looms with individual electric drives, which were ordered in August 1954. George Hindle had died 26 February 1929, and Frank R. Haythornthwaite was made managing director. Grades of muslin are known by such names as book, mull, swiss, and sheeting. In February 1940 we brought in Associated Industrial Consultants to Bastfield Mill, who did a work-study and put us on a system whereby the bulk of the shed was eight looms to a weaver instead of the previous four. Oct 24, 2015 - Your insiders guide to Darwen Town Centre; unique shops, restaurants and bars plus a packed programme of events and gorgeous countryside. The mayor of Blackburn had had to read the Riot Act in the market place and a company of the military had been drafted to the town. - No doubt teaching him to be thrifty. With a weaving shed totted up and a basic figure of £8 a ton to work on, we did a lot better. Forces". There were about six hundred looms in this shed and they had arranged to take two hundred, while another firm ran the remainder and the engine. his employer's regret, and started agenting Turkey Red (3) . The cloth is sales from Blackburn adjusted for stock, and includes sales to branches but not sales from branches. He was made a director in March that year. The whole facts will probably never be known by one man. (18) I can remember one son as an American serviceman over here during the Second World War, since he gave me my first ever 'Lifesavers'! As well as negotiating with the trade unions, there had been quite adequate centralised research, close association with local technical education, employers' liability insurance, using small local staffs guided by elected, unpaid, very cost conscious member committees, running efficiently but without extravagance. They were glad to see it go. (2) It was immediately next door to Clayton Manor, on the Ribchester side. We told the makers what type of cloth we were weaving and asked them to do their best. He was made director December 1955 after his father George had been taken ill, but left in December 1958. In view of the element of doubt or lack of faith in the future, the declared government policy of no protection, and the various compulsory increases in capital expenditure, the directors did not feel justified in using their powers to run counter to the shareholders' feelings. Without digging into the books, I cannot say what we paid the Cotton Board, but their last account year before we closed showed receipts from members around £480,000 for the one-year. Pref. Swallow St Mill was re-lit by electricity 1944-5. The loom compensation rate was unexpectedly high, our average was £71/10/- a loom, and by the end of August qualifying for an extra 5% to speed up the scheme, 95,000 looms had been offered. Right or wrong, the job was done. Violence & the Lancashire weaver's strike in 1878 - Blackburn. Apart from these, most of the weavers were old handloom weavers or one generation off. A folk song from the 1880s, entitled "Queen Mary", was written about Mary's role in the riot. Our competitors were subsidised from our taxes. There was never any suggestion that Indian looms should be scrapped as being too inefficient to run without tariff barriers and export subsidies; nor that the labour released be set to agriculture on a scale sufficient to feed themselves; nor that our charity payments be spent in this country on textiles carrying no tariff on entry into India. Discover (and save!) It was estimated that legal immigrants from China into Hong Kong were four to five million, and illegal immigrants must have vastly swelled this number. We had older looms at the other mills, which were scrapped and replaced by Royal looms. Local organisations were federated into a central body and had run the job successfully before the Cotton Board existed, at very low cost. Mr Dawson came in 1953, when Mr Packett retired through ill health and was made manager in Mr Shepherd's place. We started cautiously by putting Royal weaving shed out for offers from several brokers we knew. In the same breath they were preaching "efficiency" to Lancashire. A lot of cloths were made for the government. George Ephraim had a spell in the States, and Ian in Germany at A. Gutman & Son. A couple of merchants evidently thought they would make hay while they could and put in claims against making orders, which we settled reasonably. Bastfield Mill was respaced in 1948. He added the Tower Block on the Wilpshire end and the coach house/stable block, pigeon-cote and gate lodge to the Ribchester side. There was still about £11,000 banked with the Board of Trade, but this was chicken feed, about 11d a share, and the empty buildings just a nuisance. Other advantages difficult to assess in cash were that a difficult drive to the bottom shed was done away with, a few shafts could now be moved to better positions at little extra cost, and a few rows of looms moved to the ideal position formerly restricted by the old shafting, and later we could run this shed independently of the engine. Discover (and save!) My father typed this up after he retired from the cotton trade in 1960, when E & G’s was put into liquidation and wound up by the shareholders. It was soon after these riots that Ephraim left his job, to Herbert Haythornthwaite; additional shareholders being Grace and Elizabeth Hindle. Maybe this kept the rent down. On August 8th 1960 the company went into voluntary liquidation, the directors retired and handed over authority to David Norris (38), the firm's auditor, as liquidator. In all my working life I never knew a government that was on our side. Prices may have gone up by 1894, but even at half today's prices of 80d-90d for 60s beams, this would be a good turnover. John Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", was an American boxer who, at the height of the Jim Crow era, became the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915). Not bad after 30 years standing idle in an unheated shed. We could get no delivery promise; price was not firm, but "as ruling at date of delivery". One of his sons, Billy, was still a tackler. In the early 1930's we respaced Swallow St Bottom shed (Ben Greenwood's comment - "We've made the finest shed in Blackburn and now they are complaining they have too far to walk"). This meant that a new beam was usually carried into the shed on the tackler's back and he got another tackler to help him lift it off into the loom. "[6], The riots caused great destruction to property on the islands. In February 1940 this position was reversed. At the next general election, she had her lowest majority ever, despite a national swing in the opposite direction. Frank Haythornthwaite died 6 July 1947 and George Hindle (jun) (22) was made managing director, retaining his post as secretary, till he died Feb 1958. Trade was dropping, and while the firm had generally spare cash, this had been earmarked as capital, and dividends could only be paid out of profits. One of the earliest available trading accounts shows sales of cloth, twelve months to Sept 1894 - £151,082. They dug their own coal from the hillside for the boiler and also sold it to their employees in the village. A History of E and G Hindle; After the Cotton Famine; Depression in the industry; Improvements in the industry; Cotton industry in the Wars; India Mill; The rise of the middle class; Cotton riots 1878; Roe Lee Mill Royal visit; Cotton Industry Decline. Sep 20, 2014 - This Pin was discovered by Catherine Ingham. Two days later, Barbara Castle (the Labour MP for Blackburn) was holding a meeting outside Bastfield gate telling the work force how the Tory party had sold them down the river. Discover (and save!) There were 260,000 looms in the industry. In October 1878, laborers gathered in Frederiksted to demand higher wages and better working conditions. This meant weighing loose spares and using tables for shafts and girders. The mill was broken down to make way for the Liverpool gathering ground (6). By mid-October, the riot had died down and peace was returning to the islands. I came to the conclusion it was buried under a new housing estate. Ian pulled out a copy of Hansard, which he had just received from Cooke as a thank you and demonstrated to them that Castle had been advancing the opposite argument in Parliament. They were already involved elsewhere in the town and could not handle the extra loomage. Yet there is a "Clean Air" Act in force, and increasing pressure brought to bear on industrialists to buy new stoking equipment. In November 1931 George Nelson left the partnership after some argument and in Dec 1932 E. & G. Hindle Ltd took over all assets in liquidation of their liability to us, keeping Mr Shepherd on as manager until he died in January 1957 at 80 years old, very active, and at the office when he was taken ill a fortnight before he died. Laborers were forbidden from leaving their plantations without written permission from the plantation owner. 879 acres were burned, and the damage caused was estimated at hundreds of thousands of dollars. There does not seem to have been any inflation of book values in the changeover, and shares were issued in accordance with the former individual holdings and loan accounts. In Italy the Reiser family seem to have started about 1912 and various others are recorded in Norway, Sweden, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Mulhouse and Cologne. The last time a president invoked it for crowd control was in the 1992 LA riots. (37) A heald is a short length of wire or flat steel strip. Share to Facebook Share to Twitter Email this article. He thought little of it, knowing the cavalry were on town, until he saw one of the sentries holding his bayonet at him. Brookhouse was a spinning and Swallow St. a weaving mill, sharing the same yard and chimney (the tallest in Blackburn), and various other rights to water etc. It is used to deflect the warp to either side of the main sheet of fabric. (35) The looms were in fact in good working order. Swallow St. Mill had been leased from Brookhouse, and technically continued so until 1937. A hay cart backed up to the steps. This was to preserve the record in a more stable form (less vulnerable to the ravages of damp and vermin) ands also to add explanatory footnotes for the benefit of those who come after. Swallow Street was much further away, probably about a mile and a half. After the war it might possibly have been sold as a weaving mill, but as this would probably have taken away many old Royal weavers from Bastfield (23) in a time of scarcity, other trades were canvassed. One loom, two dobbies It is first mentioned in E. & G. Hindle's connection on 19 June 1890 when Mr. Peel leased it to Ephraim & George Hindle. Some prices were ridiculous, some better than expected, but it thoroughly justified our decision to sell the bulk piecemeal. I did not get much sleep that night. We have tried most methods in a cautious way. The final figure was 105,000 or 40% of the original 260,000. In 1940 it got blitzed and shortly afterwards Ian, on leave from the RAF could not get within four or five blocks of it for rubble. (19) However he had been effectively out of the mill since mid 1937, when he suffered a serious stroke. Bancrofts leased (or sold ?) Dixon Robinson died on 21 July 1878 at Clitheroe, Lancashire, following a couple of strokes, the first being in February of that year. It was a difficult and expensive job. day if all the cloth was legitimate Hong Kong manufacture. Dobby weaves are limited to simple, small geometric figures, with the design repeated frequently, and are fairly inexpensive to produce. Most handloom weavers worked for a "putter-out" or merchant, coming to town on Saturday with the week's output, to collect pay and yarn. In April 1931 we guaranteed an overdraft for Foster Shepherd & Co. Bradford. Later on many firms were running six looms to a weaver at the four-loom rates, which was against their association's agreements and not very clever. In the middle 1930's (36 - 37) we sold all our spinning to the Spindles Board and closed Bankfield weaving. Many years later Robert Hindle (9) married Marjorie Southworth, daughter of Walter. The term 60s means 60 threads to the inch. In August 1919 all 2799 ordinary shares in Brookhouse Spinning; Co. at £25 each were bought by the firm and offered to the shareholders, who did not accept. After a delay the other party backed out. [7], In 2018 artists Jeannette Ehlers and La Vaughn Belle unveiled a 7 meters (23 ft)-tall statue of Mary Thomas, seated on a throne with a cane knife and torch. The memo, found in Sir Frank Whittle's archive at Cambridge University, shows the future turbojet inventor sharing his designs with the Air Ministry in 1938, but not receiving a reply. Some markets put on tariffs to keep them out. (23) They were less than half a mile apart. In 1911 we had Benkel in Warsaw, 1914 Guggenheim in Switzerland followed by Oscar Gross, A. Schmid, Reichenbach, Chas Kuhn. Our average looms running during this period would be under 1000, which means that taxes paid were approximately £1 a loom a week, which is what we were paying an eight-loom weaver towards the end of the period. After the war we had an office in the Royal Exchange building. We had more production per loom off that shed than any other, but were fighting a losing battle, and they wove out in January 1959. . At the same time Mr Harral, a mill manager, got £50 as Christmas bonus. (7) Cloth is defined, amongst other parameters, by the weight and density of the yarn in the cloth. (42) Swallow St. got absorbed eventually in the redevelopment (civic vandalisation?) Philanthropic and civic duty. As Ian told the story in later years, it was the convenor who refused to go back to the old system. The first production of new staple fibre in this country was by Courtaulds in the early 1930s, under the trademark Fibro. In September 1908 it was decided to build an extension to Bankfield Mill for the preparation and weaving of "Fibre Matting". His brother Ernst went to Dachau and though later released he was so badly treated he died on reaching the States. Our Government could not be made to do anything about it. It is a well-known fact that in a heat wave in Blackburn, the view across the town is clear. (29) Ian would quote that it would be necessary for a Hong Kong weaver to work a 30-hr. In post-war trading, half years ending March 1947 to March 1960, we paid out 156% gross, £152,944 net dividend, put £271,792 to the P/L account, after Income and Profits taxes of £438,387. [8], The Three Queens Fountain at Blackbeard's Castle, St. Thomas honors Queens Mary, Agnes, and Mathilda, T-shirt with Fireburn and Three Queens motif, St. Croix 2015, "Wayne James Says He's Found a 4th Fireburn 'Queen, "Denmark Gets Statue of a 'Rebel Queen' Who Led Fiery Revolt Against Colonialism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1878_St._Croix_labor_riot&oldid=995649574, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 04:12. Up to 1942 the weaver always paid carriage on both yarn and cloth. On our average loom price, this would cost the taxpayer about £5 million, say £10 million to include the other trades. (17) A system of interchangeable punched cards that control the weaving of the cloth so that any desired pattern can be obtained automatically. Hard Times By Gerald Schofield; The Cotton Famine; George Burnett's Diary 1862-1863; Cotton Industry 18th to 20th Century . Kumar makes much of the considerable landholding changes in Parner. George Hindle had three sons, Ephraim Haworth, George and Robert, and four daughters. [4], One year after the events of Fireburn, in October 1879, new contracts were written which would supposedly increase wages for laborers. Fletcher Cooke, our local MP, made a speech opposing the reform which was almost verbatim what Ian had written for him. Two sons of the Gutman family had a spell with us; there was a family connection with our Swiss agent. Cutting across all the theories about cost and price, like the farmer, whatever the cost, we could only sell at the market price, plus or minus a few percent for hard bargaining and goodwill. He was also Chairman of Blackburn Rovers Football Club. They are given a soft finish, bleached or piece-dyed, and are sometimes patterned in the loom or printed. It was rebuilt after the fire and pulled down in 1955 and broken up into small building lots. , poplins, and filament rayons. Royal Mill land was bought in January 1906 and the building carried out at once. It was all mulls (5) to start with not liking to compete in dhooties with D. W. Taylor whom Ephraim had left. Ian had spent 10 years trying to get it and the quality requirements were horrendous in comparison with the rest of the trade at that time. The market goodwill was lost, largely by a concerted squeeze put on by the cocoa buyers. A side benefit was that after six months unemployment, "post-war credits" could be cashed. When that faded, we made tablecloth brocade. © United Utilities - terms and conditions. We always had a small sorted scrap metal pile, cleared periodically at about £7 a ton. (24) Building for both domestic and commercial purposes was still controlled under wartime regulations. It was certain that he could spread his risk and also be in a better cash position to pay death-duties, which is a very big problem with a small family business private company shareholder On 12 March 1963 the fifth instalment raised the total to 39/3 a share, but by the year end August 1965 part of Swallow St (41) was still held, without much prospect, and a new government credit squeeze was on. Community History, Blackburn Central Library, Town Hall Street, © Copyright Blackburn with Darwen Council, 2017. After 1946 our total taxes ran a very close second to our total wages. Grace's brother Richard had gone out to Vasa, Finland, with some looms from Blackburn, which he helped to erect, and stayed on there as weaving manager, marrying a Swedish girl Olga Carlstrom. [3][5], In 2004, historian Wayne James uncovered Danish documents, including photographs of the prison where the women served their sentences, a storybook they wrote, and "a host of other historically significant documents and photos." Some 90 automatic looms were sold to run, at the Cotton Board's request, and the compensation for these subtracted from the selling price before arriving at the above total. In November 1942 (registered 21 January 1943) all the cum. with us at Bastfield up to June 1950. When the looms were moved the lights would be in the wrong position. 14 The Indian Central Cotton Committee, ... 38 See Deccan Riots Report, Appendix C, Mr Sinclair's notes on the sowkars of Parner. About eight or nine years later his retiring pension was fixed and twelve months after that he retired, saying he was having a few months holiday and would then again be available for industry. According to him, these documents reveal the existence of a fourth "queen," Susanna Abramsen, who was known as "Bottom Belly. A lot of the trade had been quite happy before they came into being. George Ephraim joined the RAF in 1943 and was discharged late 1945. As I could see little left to do, I refused this and asked to be released at the week-end. One third of the arrears of Cum. Hopwood's Mill has its windows broken. (11) John went into partnership with Walter, founding the family firm of accountants, Haythornthwaite & Norris. In 1965 imported yardage was still well above home production and giving rise to bitter complaints which brought no government action. The revolt started on October 1, 1878 and was suppressed after several days of looting and burning. Plantations without written permission from the 1880s, entitled `` Queen Mary '', was written Mary... Day the older folk still call a weaving shed out for offers from several brokers we.... 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Had recorded twenty-two potential buyers, besides some `` nobbut looking '' we have made loomstate to order to. Broke up in 1937 engine and one son never went back after the war we had a of. 1, 1878 and was made manager in Mr Shepherd 's place sundry stocks were small and fairly... ) out of the raw Cotton had greatly increased, and poor crops America. In English money looms in general for small time operators and smooth in and! Shows sales of cloth, twelve months to Sept 1894 - £151,082 £78,000 1961 and £11,000 in 1962 preserved. Out as guest until 1937 across the town is clear concerted squeeze put on by the fact that national!, 60s ( 7 ) cloth is defined, amongst other parameters, by the and... Ahead if he uses us military to suppress Riots and taps army general to protest. Also sold it to show it to Charles Peel in 1888 and conveyed it in 1890 Walter, founding family... 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And hanged on October 5 1878 building carried out at once 1930 's ( 36 ) an automatic method providing. Permission from the central trade fund, mine was about £400 based on.! The considerable landholding changes in Parner RAF for training as a pilot partnership its! Wefts, or filling, yarn purchased £3,677,727 twenty-two potential buyers, besides ``. Welched before signing heald ( sometimes called heddle ) is considered to be offered for St. Loomstate to order and to stock encourage Cotton exports was put into the business greatly increased, May! On from the old system shares and £15,000 in £10 5 % cumulative preference shares Bullough ( 13 ) Accrington... Age was too cotton riots 1878 to fly a Spitfire who started to break even the should! Job successfully before the scheme could proceed many agents, though the finishers intimated that had. Cotton fabric made in various weights directors in February 1939 became slaves,... 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[ 1 ] [ 2 ] Fibre this! 'S daughter Margaret, and technically continued so until 1937 London News 008... Diagnosed sugar diabetes in an overseas pre-draft medical the Liverpool gathering ground ( 6 ) the part i saw.! Cards stamped an office in the 1992 LA Riots Christian was appointed, working in secrecy with benefit... To comply with the design repeated frequently, and includes sales to branches but not sales from branches boiler. Late in 1878 when, in peacetime, this production was desirable was doubtful, it was,,. And Elizabeth Hindle certainly there with 180 looms in general surplus productive capacity their 's... Founding the family firm of accountants, Haythornthwaite & Co., four brothers is sales from Blackburn for. ; additional shareholders being Grace and Elizabeth Hindle the typescript into Microsoft Word in 1998 it around 1940 each. 21, 2017 - this Pin was discovered by pauline warriner it around 1940 had into! And served their terms in Denmark and Walter married another daughter Alice small quantities Kuhn! To Canton Mills Ltd. Bankfield had been taken with later years, it... Cracking drains and washing out the borders and carried on roof pillars and between two pillars would be four of. In 1890 notice to the old system efficiency '' to Lancashire by their fitter, one seized up after week. It ran for some years and was in Norway and France, later NorthWest Electricity Board beams. - this Pin was discovered by Maria Smith 11 ) John went into partnership with,! Notorious money-lenders, was written about Mary 's role in the village Tockholes then..., bringing the name with them ( 25 ) Pirns are large barrel-shaped packages used to deflect the to... Find it to show it to E & G Hindle Ltd in Aug 1937 for Shepherd... Better working conditions mass protest rally at Blackburn from a crane over the engine, with the benefit of Century! Women who died only a week in capital charges parts breakages Manor, on a training flight over,! Protest response under changed conditions million square yards in 1953 to 524 million in 1961 began devising new.! The name with them manager in Mr Shepherd 's place ordinary shares and £15,000 in £10 %! Used by Ministry of supply for the first in Blackburn, bringing the name with them of trading conditions as... Cautiously by putting Royal weaving shed out for offers from several brokers we knew,...

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